Javascript

How to Create Your Own Custom Renderer in SolidJS

Published Mar 13, 2023

Updated Mar 13, 2023

5 min read

This article was written over 18 months ago and may contain information that is out of date. Some content may be relevant but please refer to the relevant official documentation or available resources for the latest information.

Intro

In this article, we will explore what custom renderers are, the problem they solve, and how SolidJS has created a custom renderer that is quite unique because of its simplicity and ease of use.

We will also learn how to create a custom renderer in SolidJS, and how to use it in our applications. Custom renderers have a long history with all the major frameworks in the market like Renderer2 in Angular, createRenderer in Vue, and React Reconciler in React.

They are used to build awesome technologies and mind-blowing libraries. SolidJS recently added the ability to create a custom renderer with Solid Universal Renderer.

Note: We also have a great article about How to create a custom renderer for React that you can check out!

Custom Renderers in SolidJS

To better understand how custom renderers in SolidJS work, we have to understand it first in React and Vue (VDOM frameworks). In React, the library itself (React.js) doesn’t know anything about the DOM. It doesn’t understand what a div or h1 means. React converts all of the components into a JavaScript object that represents the UI in the memory (Virtual DOM), and then update the related nodes when the state changes in specific components.

That’s it! This is how React and Vue work under the hood. The React Renderer (which is a different package called “react-dom”) then works on rendering this Virtual DOM on the screen, and updates it when it receives updates from React.js. The same thing happens in Vue.

From here, the custom renderers have come to live. You aren’t limited to using only the official Renderer for the framework, but you can also build your own.. We will learn more about them in the proceeding sections. But for now, you just need to know that there is no virtual DOM in SolidJS. But it modifies directly on the DOM. This is the only difference between the Custom Renderers in SolidJS and React or Vue.

Real-world Custom Renderers

In this section, I’ll show you the most popular custom renderers that are used in many production applications in different frameworks. One of the most popular custom renderers in the industry is React Native (yes, it’s a React custom renderer for Android and iOS platforms). React-three-fiber is one of the most famous examples of React Reconciler in production. It converts the JSX VDOM to WebGL graphics. React-pdf is a React renderer for creating PDF files on the browser and server. TroisJS is a Vue custom renderer for Three.js and WebGL. There are many, many more examples.

HTML Nodes

Everything you see on the screen in the web browser is a node; the HTML element is a node, the attribute of that HTML element is a node, for example:

<img src="logo.png" /> // <- this node’s type is an element
	// ^
	// this attribute is a node

Also, the text between and opening and closing tags of this HTML element is a node:

<h1>  // <- this h1 is type element
	Hello world  // <- this text is type text and it's a separate node
</h1>

Let’s code a SolidJS custom renderer

The process is going to be similar to React, but SolidJS Universal is even easier than React Reconciler because it has fewer options.

Create a new file to write our renderer and import the createRenderer from SolidJS universal:

import { createRenderer } from 'solid-js/universal';

Second, let’s create an empty renderer:

const renderer = createRenderer({
	// Add the renderer properties here
})

Renderer Options

Let’s break all of these options down in detail:

createElement

This option is responsible for handling the creation of a new element node. It takes only one parameter which is the element type and it could be something like h1, p, divetc

createElement(type) {
    return document.createElement(type);
}

And here we can play with the JSX elements for fun. For example, we can add our custom elements like:

function component() {
	return (
    <div>
	    <customLikeButton />
    </div>
	)
}

Technically, there is no HTML component called customLikeButton. But here in this option, we can resolve this type as we desire.

createTextNode

This option is responsible for handling creating a new text node. It takes only one parameter which is the text itself.

createTextNode(text) {
    return document.createTextNode(text);
}

replaceText

This option is responsible for handling updating the text node when it gets updates. It takes two parameters; the actual text node that has been updated, and the new text.

replaceText(node, text) {
    node.data = text;
},

insertNode

This option is responsible for inserting or injecting a new node in the UI and the DOM. It takes three parameters, the parent node, the node itself, and a reference node (anchor) in the parent node.

insertNode(parent, node, anchor) {
    parent.insertBefore(node, anchor);
}

removeNode

This option is responsible for removing a node from the DOM. It takes two parameters, the parent node, and the node which needs to be removed

removeNode(parent, node) {
    parent.removeChild(node);
}

setProperty

This one is a little bit more complicated than the previous ones because it handles more categories. It is responsible for handling the attributes or properties of the element such as the classNames, style, and events like onClick and onSubmit.

setProperty(node, name, value) {
    if (name === "style") Object.assign(node.style, value);
    else if (name.startsWith("on")) node[name.toLowerCase()] = value;
    else if (["classNames", "textContent"].has(name)) node[name] = value;
    else node.setAttribute(name, value);
  }

isTextNode

This option is used internally to determine if this node is a text node or not.

isTextNode(node) {
    return node.type === 3;
}

Note: the node.type in the line above is a pure JavaScript code. In JavaScript nodes have 12 types with 12 numbers each representing a type. For example, 1 represents an element node, and 2 represents an attribute node. For more info see the HTML DOM Element nodeType on W3Schools and Node.nodeType - Web APIs | MDN.

getParentNode

This option is being used internally in SolidJS renderer to get the parent node of a given node.

getParentNode(node) {
    return node.parentNode;
}

getFirstChild

This option is being used internally in SolidJS renderer to get the first node of a given parent node.

getFirstChild(node) {
    return node.firstChild;
}

getNextSibling

This option is being used internally in SolidJS renderer to get the next node of a given node in the DOM tree.

getNextSibling(node) {
    return node.nextSibling;
}

Renderer method

There are a lot of methods for this renderer, but the most important one is render which we will replace the SolidJS web one with.

import renderer from "./renderer";

renderer.render(() => <App />, document.getElementById("root"));

There are additional methods available:

effect
memo
createComponent
createElement
createTextNode
insertNode
insert
spread
setProp
mergeProps

The performance of SolidJS Universal Renderer

Ryan Carniato, the creator of SolidJS, created a test on the SolidJS Universal Renderer in his stream of Benchmarking and Custom Renderers on his YouTube channel, and it was pretty interesting. It wasn’t much slower than the SolidJS web renderer at only a few milliseconds slower. To test it, you can use the js-framework-benchmark repo, which is an amazing tool you can use to compare the performance of different JavaScript frameworks.

Conclusion

In this article, we learned about the custom renderers in SolidJS and how to create one. We also learned about the performance of SolidJS Universal Renderer and how it compares to the SolidJS web renderer. I hope you enjoyed this article and learned something new. For more SolidJS resources, check out our solidjs.framework.dev where you can find all cool courses, tutorials, and libraries for SolidJS. Also you can create your next SolidJS project, try our SolidJS starter kit from Starter.dev it has a lot of tools pre-configured for you. If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to send them to us or reach out to us on Twitter.

This Dot is a consultancy dedicated to guiding companies through their modernization and digital transformation journeys. Specializing in replatforming, modernizing, and launching new initiatives, we stand out by taking true ownership of your engineering projects.

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About the author(s)

Mark Shenouda
@MarkSShenouda @markshenouda

A Solid(JS) Developer Experience with Atila Fassina, Solid DX Team

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Deep Dive Into How Signals Work In SolidJS

SolidJS and Qwik have shown the world the power of signals, and Angular is following suit. There’s no way around them, so let's see what they are, why one would use them, and how they work. Signal basics Signals are built using the observer pattern. In this pattern, a subject holds a list of observers who are subscribed to changes to the subject. Whenever the subject gets changed, all subscribers will receive a notification of the update. Typically through a registered callback method. Observers may push new changes to that subject or other subjects. Triggering another set of updates throughout the observers. > From the above, you might have guessed that infinite loops are a big caveat with using the observer pattern. The same holds true for signals. The power of this pattern lies in the separation of concerns. Observers need to know little about the subject, except that it can change. Whichever actor is going to change the subject needs to know nothing about the observers. 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We can create our own signals with pure JavaScript in less than 25 lines. > Our simple version will not take objects or arrays as values as these are references in JavaScript and require special attention. Let's start with the interface. We want the signal creator, which is a function that returns a tuple with the first value being the getter and the second value the setter. The function accepts a value, which will be used as the initial value. This gives us: ` > Note that, due to the fact that we created a new variable within the closure of our createSignal, the variable outside of its scope will not change. original on the last line will still be “1”. For simplicity, we’re going to leave objects and arrays out of the picture as these are references instead of scalar values, and need extra code to do the same thing. Now that we can read from and write to our signal (a.k.a. subject), we’ll need to add subscribers to it. Whenever the getter is called (i.e., the value is read), we want the originator of the call to be registered as an observer. Then, when the setter is called, we are going to loop over all subscribed observers, and notify them of the new value. Consider this fully working signal creator. We’re almost there. ` This snippet has a downside. It needs the observer to be passed as the argument to the getter. But we don’t want to deal with that. Our interface was to read signal(), and have some sort of magic register the observer for us. What comes next was an eye-opener for me. I always believed there was some closure trick, or built-in JavaScript function to retrieve parent closures. That would have been a fantastic way to get who called the getter function and register it as an observer. But JavaScript offers nothing to support us in this. Instead, a way more simple trick is used, and it is seemingly used in every major framework. 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How to Truncate Strings Easily with CSS

You'll often need to truncate text when working with user interfaces, especially when displaying content within a limited space. CSS provides a straightforward way to handle this scenario, ensuring that long text strings are cut off gracefully without affecting the overall layout. CSS Truncation Techniques Single-Line Truncation If you want to truncate a single line of text, CSS provides a simple solution. The key properties to use here are overflow, white-space, and text-overflow. ` Explanation of properties: * white-space: nowrap: This ensures the text stays on a single line, preventing wrapping. * overflow: hidden: This hides any content that overflows the container. * text-overflow: ellipsis: This adds the ellipsis (…) at the end of the truncated text. Multi-Line Truncation While truncating a single line of text is common, sometimes you may want to display multiple lines but still cut off the text when it exceeds a certain number of lines. 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Performance Efficiency CSS operates directly within the browser's layout engine, meaning it doesn’t require additional processing or event handling as JavaScript does. When using JavaScript to truncate text, the script needs to run on page load (or after DOM manipulation), and sometimes, it needs to listen for events such as window resizing to adjust truncation. This can introduce unnecessary overhead, especially in complex or resource-constrained environments like mobile devices. CSS, on the other hand, is declarative. Once applied, it allows the browser to handle text rendering without any further execution or processing. This leads to faster load times and a smoother user experience. Simplicity and Maintainability CSS solutions are much simpler to implement and maintain than their JavaScript counterparts. All it takes is a few lines of CSS to implement truncation. In contrast, a JavaScript solution would require you to write and maintain a function that manually trims strings, inserts ellipses, and re-adjusts the text whenever the window is resized. Here's the JavaScript Truncation Example to compare the complexity: JavaScript Truncation Example: ` At the example above, we truncated the text to 50 characters which may be 1 line on large screens and 6 lines on mobile and in that case we will need to add more code to truncate it responsively. As you can see, the CSS solution we used earlier is more concise and readable, whereas the JavaScript version is more verbose and requires managing the string length manually. Responsiveness Without Extra Code With CSS, truncation can adapt automatically to different screen sizes and layouts. You can use relative units (like percentages or vw/vh), media queries, or flexbox/grid properties to ensure the text truncates appropriately in various contexts. If you were using JavaScript, you’d need to write additional logic to detect changes in the viewport size and update the truncation manually. This would likely involve adding event listeners for window resize events, which can degrade performance and lead to more complex code. CSS Example for Responsive Truncation: ` To achieve this in JavaScript, you’d need to add more code to handle the width adjustments dynamically, making it more complex to maintain and troubleshoot. Separation of Concerns CSS handles the presentation layer of your website, while JavaScript should focus on dynamic functionality or data manipulation. By keeping truncation logic within your CSS, you're adhering to the principle of separation of concerns, where each layer of your web application has a clear, well-defined role. Using JavaScript for visual tasks like truncation mixes these concerns, making your codebase harder to maintain, debug, and scale. CSS is purpose-built for layout and visual control, and truncation is naturally a part of that domain. Browser Support and Cross-Browser Consistency Modern CSS properties like text-overflow and -webkit-line-clamp are widely supported across all major browsers. This means that CSS solutions for truncation are generally consistent and reliable. JavaScript solutions, on the other hand, may behave differently depending on the browser environment and require additional testing and handling for cross-browser compatibility. While older browsers may not support specific CSS truncation techniques (e.g., multi-line truncation), fallback options (like single-line truncation) can be easily managed through CSS alone. With JavaScript, more complex logic might be required to handle such situations. Reduced Risk of Layout Shifting JavaScript-based text truncation risks causing layout shifting, especially during initial page loads or window resizes. The browser may need to recalculate the layout multiple times, leading to content flashing or jumpy behavior as text truncation is applied. CSS-based truncation is applied as part of the browser’s natural rendering flow, eliminating this risk and ensuring a smoother experience for the user. Conclusion CSS is the optimal solution for truncating text in most cases due to its simplicity, efficiency, and responsiveness. It leverages the power of the browser’s rendering engine, avoids the overhead of JavaScript, and keeps your code clean and maintainable. While JavaScript truncation has its use cases, CSS should always be your go-to solution for truncating strings, especially in static or predictable layouts. If you like this post, check out the other CSS posts on our blog!...

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Introduction to Zod for Data Validation

As web developers, we're often working with data from external sources like APIs we don't control or user inputs submitted to our backends. We can't always rely on this data to take the form we expect, and we can encounter unexpected errors when it deviates from expectations. But with the Zod library, we can define what our data ought to look like and parse the incoming data against those defined schemas. This lets us work with that data confidently, or to quickly throw an error when it isn't correct. Why use Zod? TypeScript is great for letting us define the shape of our data in our code. It helps us write more correct code the first time around by warning us if we are doing something we shouldn't. But TypeScript can't do everything for us. For example, we can define a variable as a string or a number, but we can't say "a string that starts with user_id_ and is 20 characters long" or "an integer between 1 and 5". There are limits to how much TypeScript can narrow down our data for us. Also, TypeScript is a tool for us developers. When we compile our code, our types are not available to the vanilla JavaScript. JavaScript can't validate that the data we actually use in our code matches what we thought we'd get when we wrote our TypeScript types unless you're willing to manually write code to perform those checks. This is where we can reach for a tool like Zod. With Zod, we can write data schemas. These schemas, in the simplest scenarios, look very much like TypeScript types. But we can do more with Zod than we can with TypeScript alone. Zod schemas let us create additional rules for data parsing and validation. A 20-character string that starts with user_id_? It's z.string().startsWith('user_id_').length(20). An integer between 1 and 5 inclusive? It's z.number().int().gte(1).lte(5). Zod's primitives give us many extra functions to be more specific about *exactly* what data we expect. Unlike TypeScript, Zod schemas aren't removed on compilation to JavaScript—we still have access to them! If our app receives some data, we can verify that it matches the expected shape by passing it to your Zod schema's parse function. You'll either get back your data in exactly the shape you defined in your schema, or Zod will give you an error to tell you what was wrong. Zod schemas aren't a replacement for TypeScript; rather, they are an excellent complement. Once we've defined our Zod schema, it's simple to derive a TypeScript type from it and to use that type as we normally would. But when we really need to be sure our data conforms to the schema, we can always parse the data with our schema for that extra confidence. Defining Data Schemas Zod schemas are the variables that define our expectations for the shape of our data, validate those expectations, and transform the data if necessary to match our desired shape. It's easy to start with simple schemas, and to add complexity as required. Zod provides different functions that represent data structures and related validation options, which can be combined to create larger schemas. In many cases, you'll probably be building a schema for a data object with properties of some primitive type. For example, here's a schema that would validate a JavaScript object representing an order for a pizza: ` Zod provides a number of primitives for defining schemas that line up with JavaScript primitives: string, number, bigint, boolean, date, symbol, undefined, and null. It also includes primitives void, any, unknown, and never for additional typing information. In addition to basic primitives, Zod can define object, array, and other native data structure schemas, as well as schemas for data structures not natively part of JavaScript like tuple and enum. The documentation contains considerable detail on the available data structures and how to use them. Parsing and Validating Data with Schemas With Zod schemas, you're not only telling your program what data should look like; you're also creating the tools to easily verify that the incoming data matches the schema definitions. This is where Zod really shines, as it greatly simplifies the process of validating data like user inputs or third party API responses. Let's say you're writing a website form to register new users. At a minimum, you'll need to make sure the new user's email address is a valid email address. For a password, we'll ask for something at least 8 characters long and including one letter, one number, and one special character. (Yes, this is not really the best way to write strong passwords; but for the sake of showing off how Zod works, we're going with it.) We'll also ask the user to confirm their password by typing it twice. First, let's create a Zod schema to model these inputs: ` So far, this schema is pretty basic. It's only making sure that whatever the user types as an email is an email, and it's checking that the password is at least 8 characters long. But it is *not* checking if password and confirmPassword match, nor checking for the complexity requirements. Let's enhance our schema to fix that! ` By adding refine with a custom validation function, we have been able to verify that the passwords match. If they don't, parsing will give us an error to let us know that the data was invalid. We can also chain refine functions to add checks for our password complexity rules: ` Here we've chained multiple refine functions. You could alternatively use superRefine, which gives you even more fine grained control. Now that we've built out our schema and added refinements for extra validation, we can parse some user inputs. Let's see two test cases: one that's bound to fail, and one that will succeed. ` There are two main ways we can use our schema to validate our data: parse and safeParse. The main difference is that parse will throw an error if validation fails, while safeParse will return an object with a success property of either true or false, and either a data property with your parsed data or an error property with the details of a ZodError explaining why the parsing failed. In the case of our example data, userInput2 will parse just fine and return the data for you to use. But userInput1 will create a ZodError listing all of the ways it has failed validation. ` ` We can use these error messages to communicate to the user how they need to fix their form inputs if validation fails. Each error in the list describes the validation failure and gives us a human readable message to go with it. You'll notice that the validation errors for checking for a valid email and for checking password length have a lot of details, but we've got three items at the end of the error list that don't really tell us anything useful: just a custom error of Invalid input. The first is from our refine checking if the passwords match, and the second two are from our refine functions checking for password complexity (numbers and special characters). Let's modify our refine functions so that these errors are useful! We'll add our own error parameters to customize the message we get back and the path to the data that failed validation. ` Now, our error messages from failures in refine are informative! You can figure out which form fields aren't validating from the path, and then display the messages next to form fields to let the user know how to remedy the error. ` By giving our refine checks a custom path and message, we can make better use of the returned errors. In this case, we can highlight specific problem form fields for the user and give them the message about what is wrong. Integrating with TypeScript Integrating Zod with TypeScript is very easy. Using z.infer<typeof YourSchema> will allow you to avoid writing extra TypeScript types that merely reflect the intent of your Zod schemas. You can create a type from any Zod schema like so: ` Using a TypeScript type derived from a Zod schema does *not* give you any extra level of data validation at the type level beyond what TypeScript is capable of. If you create a type from z.string.min(3).max(20), the TypeScript type will still just be string. And when compiled to JavaScript, even that will be gone! That's why you still need to use parse/safeParse on incoming data to validate it before proceeding as if it really does match your requirements. A common pattern with inferring types from Zod schemas is to use the same name for both. Because the schema is a variable, there's no name conflict if the type uses the same name. However, I find that this can lead to confusing situations when trying to import one or the other—my personal preference is to name the Zod schema with Schema at the end to make it clear which is which. Conclusion Zod is an excellent tool for easily and confidently asserting that the data you're working with is exactly the sort of data you were expecting. It gives us the ability to assert at runtime that we've got what we wanted, and allows us to then craft strategies to handle what happens if that data is wrong. Combined with the ability to infer TypeScript types from Zod schemas, it lets us write and run more reliable code with greater confidence....

Nov 15, 2024

7 mins

JavaScriptZod

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How to Create Your Own Custom Renderer in SolidJS

Intro

Custom Renderers in SolidJS

Real-world Custom Renderers

HTML Nodes

Let’s code a SolidJS custom renderer

Renderer Options

The performance of SolidJS Universal Renderer

Conclusion

Mark Shenouda

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Let's innovate together!

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A Solid(JS) Developer Experience with Atila Fassina, Solid DX Team

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