Javascript

Going Reactive with RxJS

Published Dec 28, 2020

Updated Feb 14, 2023

4 min read

This article was written over 18 months ago and may contain information that is out of date. Some content may be relevant but please refer to the relevant official documentation or available resources for the latest information.

RxJS is the perfect tool for implementing reactive programming paradigms to your software development. In general, software development handling errors gracefully is a fundamental piece of ensuring the integrity of the application as well as ensuring the best possible user experience.

In this article, we will look at how we handle errors with RxJS and then look at how we can use RxJS to build a simple yet performant application.

Handling Errors

Our general approach to errors usually consists of us exclaiming "Oh no! What went wrong?" but it's something that is a common occurrence in all applications. The ability to manage errors well without disrupting the user's experience, while also providing accurate error logs to allow a full diagnosis of the cause of the error, is more important than ever.

RxJS gives us the tools to do this job very well! Let's take a look at some basic error handling approaches with RxJS.

Basic Error Handling

The most basic way of detecting and reacting to an error that has occurred in an Observable stream provided to us by the .subscribe() method.

obs$.subscribe(
    value => console.log("Received Value: ", value),
    error => console.error("Received Error: ", error)
)

Here we can set up two different pieces of logic—one to handle non-error emission from the Observable and one to gracefully handle errors emitted by the Observable.

We could use this to show a Notification Toast or Alert to inform the user that an error has occurred:

obs$.subscribe(
    value => console.log("Received Value: ", value),
    error => showErrorAlert(error)
)

This can help us minimize disruption for the user, giving them instant feedback that something actually hasn't worked as appropriate rather than leaving them to guess.

Composing Useful Errors

Sometimes, however, we may have situations wherein we want to throw an error ourselves. For example, some data we received isn't quite correct, or maybe some validation checks failed.

RxJS provides us with an operator that allows us to do just that. Let's take an example where we are receiving values from an API, but we encounter missing data that will cause other aspects of the app not to function correctly.

obs$
  .pipe(
    mergeMap((value) =>
      !value.id ? throwError("Data does not have an ID") : of(value)
    )
  )
  .subscribe(
    (value) => console.log(value),
    (error) => console.error("error", error)
  );

If we receive a value from the Observable that doesn't contain an ID, we throw an error that we can handle gracefully.

NOTE: Using the throwError will stop any further Observable emissions from being received.

Advanced Error Handling

We've learned that we can handle errors reactively to prevent too much disruption for the user.

But what if we want to do multiple things when we receive an error or even do a retry?

RxJS makes it super simple for us to retry errored Observables with their retry() operator.

Therefore, to create an even cleaner error handling setup in RxJS, we can set up an error management solution that will receive any errors from the Observable, retry them in the hopes of a successful emission, and, failing that, handle the error gracefully.

obs$
  .pipe(
    mergeMap((value) =>
      !value.id ? throwError("Data does not have an ID") : of(value)
    ),
    retry(2),
    catchError((error) => {
        // Handle error gracefully here
      console.error("Error: ", error);
      return EMPTY;
    })
  )
  .subscribe(
    (value) => console.log(value),
    () => console.log("completed")
  );

Once we reach an error, emitting the EMPTY observable will complete the Observable. The output of an error emission above is:

Error:  Data does not have an ID
completed

Usage in Frontend Development

RxJS can be used anywhere running JavaScript; however, I'd suggest that it's most predominately used in Angular codebases. Using RxJS correctly with Angular can massively increase the performance of your application, and also help you to maintain the Container-Presentational Component Pattern.

Let's see a super simple Todo app in Angular to see how we can use RxJS effectively.

Basic Todo App

We will have two components in this app: the AppComponent and the ToDoComponent. Let's take a look at the ToDoComponent first:

import {
  ChangeDetectionStrategy,
  Component,
  EventEmitter,
  Input,
  Output
} from "@angular/core";

export interface Todo {
  id: number;
  title: string;
}

@Component({
  selector: "todo",
  template: `
    <li>
      {{ item.title }} - <button (click)="delete.emit(item.id)">Delete</button>
    </li>
  `,
  changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush
})
export class ToDoComponent {
  @Input() item: Todo;
  @Output() delete = new EventEmitter<number>();
}

Pretty simple, right? It takes an item input and outputs an event when the delete button is clicked. It performs no real logic itself other than rendering the correct HTML.

One thing to note is changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush. This tells the Angular Change Detection System that it should only attempt to re-render this component when the Input has changed.

Doing this can increase performance massively in Angular applications and should always be applicable to pure presentational components, as they should only be rendering data.

Now, let's take a look at the AppComponent.

import { Component } from "@angular/core";
import { BehaviorSubject } from "rxjs";
import { Todo } from "./todo.component";

@Component({
  selector: "my-app",
  template: `
    <div>
      <h1>
        ToDo List
      </h1>
      <div style="width: 50%;">
        <ul>
          <todo
            *ngFor="let item of (items$ | async); trackBy: trackById"
            [item]="item"
            (delete)="deleteItem($event)"
          >
          </todo>
        </ul>
        <input #todoTitle placeholder="Add item" /><br />
        <button (click)="addItem(todoTitle.value, todoTitle)">Add</button>
      </div>
    </div>
  `,
  styleUrls: ["./app.component.css"]
})
export class AppComponent {
  private items: Todo[] = [{ id: 1, title: "Learn RxJS" }];
  items$ = new BehaviorSubject<Todo[]>(this.items);

  addItem(title: string, inputEl: HTMLInputElement) {
    const item = {
      id: this.items[this.items.length - 1].id + 1,
      title,
      completed: false
    };
    this.items = [...this.items, item];
    this.items$.next(this.items);

    inputEl.value = "";
  }

  deleteItem(idToRemove: number) {
    this.items = this.items.filter(({ id }) => id !== idToRemove);
    this.items$.next(this.items);
  }

  trackById(index: number, item: Todo) {
    return item.id;
  }
}

This is a container component, and it's called this because it handles the logic relating to updating component state as well as handles or dispatches side effects.

Let's take a look at some areas of interest:

private items: Todo[] = [{ id: 1, title: "Learn RxJS" }];
items$ = new BehaviorSubject<Todo[]>(this.items);

We create a basic local store to store our ToDo items; however, this could be done via a state management system or an API.
We then set up our Observable, which will stream the value of our ToDo list to anyone who subscribes to it.

You may now look over the code and begin to wonder where we have subscribed to items$.

Angular provides a very convenient Pipe that handles this for us. We can see this in the template:

*ngFor="let item of (items$ | async); trackBy: trackById"

In particular, it's the (items$ | async) this will take the latest value emitted from the Observable and provide it to the template. It does much more than this though. It also will manage the subscription for us, meaning when we destroy this container component, it will unsubscribe automatically for us, preventing unexpected outcomes.

Using a pure pipe in Angular also has another performance benefit. It will only ever re-run the code in the Pipe if the input to the pipe changes. In our case, that would mean that item$ would need to change to a whole new Observable for the code in the async pipe to be executed again. We never have to change item$ as our values are then streamed through the Observable.

Conclusion

Hopefully, you have learned both about how to handle errors effectively as well put RxJS into practice into a real-world app that improves the overall performance of your application. You should also start to see the power that using RxJS effectively can bring!

This Dot is a consultancy dedicated to guiding companies through their modernization and digital transformation journeys. Specializing in replatforming, modernizing, and launching new initiatives, we stand out by taking true ownership of your engineering projects.

We love helping teams with projects that have missed their deadlines or helping keep your strategic digital initiatives on course. Check out our case studies and our clients that trust us with their engineering.

About the author(s)

Colum Ferry
JavaScript Developer and Enthusiast. Really enjoy working with Angular. Married with 2 amazing kids. Powered by Coffee.
@FerryColum @https://github.com/coly010

The HTML Dialog Element: Enhancing Accessibility and Ease of Use

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This is helpful as it reduces the burden on the developer when making their applications accessible by ensuring that user expectations concerning interaction are met, and it can also potentially simplify the implementation of dialogs in general. Basic usage Adding a dialog using the new tag can be achieved with just a few lines of code. ` However, adding the dialog alone won’t do anything to the page. It will show up only once you call the .showModal() method against it. ` Then if you want to close it you can call the .close() method on the dialog, or press the escape key to close it, just like most other modals work. Also, note how a backdrop appears that darkens the rest of the page and prevents you from interacting with it. Neat! Accessibility and focus management Correctly handling focus is important when making your web applications accessible to all users. Typically you have to move the current focus to the active dialog when showing them, but with the dialog element that’s done for you. By default, the focus will be set on the first focusable element in the dialog. You can optionally change which element receives focus first by setting the autofocus attribute on the element you want the focus to start on, as seen in the previous example where that attribute was added to the close element. Using the .showModal() method to open the dialog also implicitly adds the dialog ARIA role to the dialog element. This helps screen readers understand that a modal has appeared and the screen so it can act accordingly. Adding forms to dialogs Forms can also be added to dialogs, and there’s even a special method value for them. If you add a element with the method set to dialog then the form will have some different behaviors that differ from the standard get and post form methods. First off, no external HTTP request will be made with this new method. What will happen instead is that when the form gets submitted, the returnValue property on the form element will be set to the value of the submit button in the form. So given this example form: ` The form element with the example-form id will have its returnValue set to Submit. In addition to that, the dialog will close immediately after the submit event is done being handled, though not before automatic form validation is done. If this fails then the invalid event will be emitted. You may have already noticed one caveat to all of this. You might not want the form to close automatically when the submit handler is done running. If you perform an asynchronous request with an API or server you may want to wait for a response and show any errors that occur before dismissing the dialog. In this case, you can call event.preventDefault() in the submit event listener like so: ` Once your desired response comes back from the server, you can close it manually by using the .close() method on the dialog. Enhancing the backdrop The backdrop behind the dialog is a mostly translucent gray background by default. However, that backdrop is fully customizable using the ::backdrop pseudo-element. With it, you can set a background-color to any value you want, including gradients, images, etc. You may also want to make clicking the backdrop dismiss the modal, as this is a commonly implemented feature of them. By default, the <dialog> element doesn’t do this for us. There are a couple of changes that we can make to the dialog to get this working. First, an event listener is needed so that we know when the user clicks away from the dialog. ` Alone this event listener looks strange. It appears to dismiss the dialog whenever the dialog is clicked, not the backdrop. That’s the opposite of what we want to do. Unfortunately, you cannot listen for a click event on the backdrop as it is considered to be part of the dialog itself. Adding this event listener by itself will effectively make clicking anywhere on the page dismiss the dialog. To correct for this we need to wrap the contents of the dialog content with another element that will effectively mask the dialog and receive the click instead. A simple element can do! ` Even this isn’t perfect though as the contents of the div may have elements with margins in them that will push the div down, resulting in clicks close to the edges of the dialog to dismiss it. This can be resolved by adding a couple of styles the the wrapping div that will make the margin stay contained within the wrapper element. The dialog element itself also has some default padding that will exacerbate this issue. ` The wrapping div can be made into an inline-block element to contain the margin, and by moving the padding from the parent dialog to the wrapper, clicks made in the padded portions of the dialog will now interact with the wrapper element instead ensuring it won’t be dismissed. Conclusion Using the dialog element offers significant advantages for creating dialogs and modals by simplifying implementation with reasonable default behavior, enhancing accessibility for users that need assistive technologies such as screen readers by using automatic ARIA role assignment, tailored support for form elements, and flexible styling options....

Oct 25, 2024

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Incremental Hydration in Angular

Incremental Hydration in Angular Some time ago, I wrote a post about SSR finally becoming a first-class citizen in Angular. It turns out that the Angular team really treats SSR as a priority, and they have been working tirelessly to make SSR even better. As the previous blog post mentioned, full-page hydration was launched in Angular 16 and made stable in Angular 17, providing a great way to improve your Core Web Vitals. Another feature aimed to help you improve your INP and other Core Web Vitals was introduced in Angular 17: deferrable views. Using the @defer blocks allows you to reduce the initial bundle size and defer the loading of heavy components based on certain triggers, such as the section entering the viewport. Then, in September 2024, the smart folks at Angular figured out that they could build upon those two features, allowing you to mark parts of your application to be server-rendered dehydrated and then hydrate them incrementally when needed - hence incremental hydration. I’m sure you know what hydration is. In short, the server sends fully formed HTML to the client, ensuring that the user sees meaningful content as quickly as possible and once JavaScript is loaded on the client side, the framework will reconcile the rendered DOM with component logic, event handlers, and state - effectively hydrating the server-rendered content. But what exactly does "dehydrated" mean, you might ask? Here's what will happen when you mark a part of your application to be incrementally hydrated: 1. Server-Side Rendering (SSR): The content marked for incremental hydration is rendered on the server. 2. Skipped During Client-Side Bootstrapping: The dehydrated content is not initially hydrated or bootstrapped on the client, reducing initial load time. 3. Dehydrated State: The code for the dehydrated components is excluded from the initial client-side bundle, optimizing performance. 4. Hydration Triggers: The application listens for specified hydration conditions (e.g., on interaction, on viewport), defined with a hydrate trigger in the @defer block. 5. On-Demand Hydration: Once the hydration conditions are met, Angular downloads the necessary code and hydrates the components, allowing them to become interactive without layout shifts. How to Use Incremental Hydration Thanks to Mark Thompson, who recently hosted a feature showcase on incremental hydration, we can show some code. The first step is to enable incremental hydration in your Angular application's appConfig using the provideClientHydration provider function: ` Then, you can mark the components you want to be incrementally hydrated using the @defer block with a hydrate trigger: ` And that's it! You now have a component that will be server-rendered dehydrated and hydrated incrementally when it becomes visible to the user. But what if you want to hydrate the component on interaction or some other trigger? Or maybe you don't want to hydrate the component at all? The same triggers already supported in @defer blocks are available for hydration: - idle: Hydrate once the browser reaches an idle state. - viewport: Hydrate once the component enters the viewport. - interaction: Hydrate once the user interacts with the component through click or keydown triggers. - hover: Hydrate once the user hovers over the component. - immediate: Hydrate immediately when the component is rendered. - timer: Hydrate after a specified time delay. - when: Hydrate when a provided conditional expression is met. And on top of that, there's a new trigger available for hydration: - never: When used, the component will remain static and not hydrated. The never trigger is handy when you want to exclude a component from hydration altogether, making it a completely static part of the page. Personally, I'm very excited about this feature and can't wait to try it out. How about you?...

Mar 14, 2025

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AngularJavaScript

Best Practices for Managing RxJS Subscriptions

When we use RxJS, it's standard practice to subscribe to Observables. By doing so, we create a Subscription. This object provides us with some methods that will aid in managing these subscriptions. This is very important, and is something that should not be overlooked! Why do we care about subscription management? If we do not put some thought into how we manage and clean up the subscriptions we create, we can cause an array of problems in our applications. This is due to how the Observer Pattern is implemented. When an Observable emits a new value, its Observers execute code that was set up during the subscription. For example: ` If we do not manage this subscription, every time obs$ emits a new value doSomethingWithDataReceived will be called. Let's say this code is set up on the Home View of our App. It should only ever be run when the user is on the Home View. Without managing this subscription correctly when the user navigates to a new view in the App, doSomethingWithDataReceived could still be called, potentially causing unexpected results, errors or even hard-to-track bugs. So what do we mean by Subscription Management? Essentially, subscription management revolves around knowing when to complete or unsubscribe from an Observable, to prevent incorrect code from being executed, especially when we would not expect it to be executed. We can refer to this management of subscriptions as cleaning up active subscriptions. How can we clean up subscriptions? So, now that we know that managing subscriptions are an essential part of working with RxJS, what methods are available for us to manage them? Unsubscribing Manually One method we can use, is to unsubscribe manually from active subscriptions when we no longer require them. RxJS provides us with a convenient method to do this. It lives on the Subscription object and is simply called .unsubscribe(). If we take the example we had above; we can see how easy it is to unsubscribe when we need to: ` 1. We create a variable to store the subscription. 2. We store the subscription in a variable when we enter the view. 3. We unsubscribe from the subscription when we leave the view preventing doSomethingWithDataReceived() from being executed when we don't need it. This is great; however, when working with RxJS, you will likely have more than one subscription. Calling unsubscribe for each of them could get tedious. A solution I have seen many codebases employ is to store an array of active subscriptions, loop through this array, unsubscribing from each when required. Let's modify the example above to see how we could do this: ` 1. We create an array to store the subscriptions. 2. We add each subscription to the array when we enter the view. 3. We loop through and unsubscribe from the subscriptions in the array. These are both valid methods of managing subscriptions and can and should be employed when necessary. There are other options however, that can add a bit more resilience to your management of subscriptions. Using Operators RxJS provides us with some operators that will clean up the subscription automatically when a condition is met, meaning we do not need to worry about setting up a variable to track our subscriptions. Let's take a look at some of these! first The first operator will take only the first value emitted, or the first value that meets the specified criteria. Then it will complete, meaning we do not have to worry about manually unsubscribing. Let's see how we would use this with our example above: ` When obs$ emits a value, first() will pass the value to doSomethingWithDataReceived and then unsubscribe! take The take operator allows us to specify how many values we want to receive from the Observable before we unsubscribe. This means that when we receive the specified number of values, take will automatically unsubscribe! ` Once obs$ has emitted five values, take will unsubscribe automatically! takeUntil The takeUntil operator provides us with an option to continue to receive values from an Observable until a different, notifier Observable emits a new value. Let's see it in action: ` 1. We create a notifier$ Observable using a Subject. _(You can learn more about Creating Observables here.)_ 2. We use takeUntil to state that we want to receive values until notifier$ emits a value 3. We tell notifier$ to emit a value and complete _(we need to clean notifer$ up ourselves) when we leave the view, allowing our original subscription to be unsubscribed. takeWhile Another option is the takeWhile operator. It allows us to continue receiving values whilst a specified condition remains true. Once it becomes false, it will unsubscribe automatically. ` In the example above we can see that whilst the property finished on the data emitted is false we will continue to receive values. When it turns to true, takeWhile will unsubscribe! BONUS: With Angular RxJS and Angular go hand-in-hand, even if the Angular team has tried to make the framework as agnostic as possible. From this, we usually find ourselves having to manage subscriptions in some manner. async Pipe Angular itself provides one option for us to manage subscriptions, the async pipe. This pipe will subscribe to an Observable in the template, and when the template is destroyed, it will unsubscribe from the Observable automatically. It's very simple to use: ` By using the as data, we set the value emitted from the Observable to a template variable called data, allowing us to use it elsewhere in the children nodes to the div node. When the template is destroyed, Angular will handle the cleanup! untilDestroyed Another option comes from a third-party library developed by Netanel Basal. It's called until-destroyed, and it provides us with multiple options for cleaning up subscriptions in Angular when Angular destroys a Component. We can use it similarly to takeUntil: ` It can _also_ find which properties in your component are Subscription objects and automatically unsubscribe from them: ` This little library can be beneficial for managing subscriptions for Angular! When should we employ one of these methods? The simple answer to this question would be: > When we no longer want to execute code when the Observable emits a new value But that doesn't give an example use-case. - We have covered one example use case in this article: when you navigate away from a view in your SPA. - In Angular, you'd want to use it when you destroy Components. - Combined with State Management, you could use it only to select a slice of state once that you do not expect to change over the lifecycle of the application. - Generally, you'd want to do it when a condition is met. This condition could be anything from the first click a user makes to when a certain length of time has passed. Next time you're working with RxJS and subscriptions, think about when you no longer want to receive values from an Observable, and ensure you have code that will allow this to happen!...

Dec 14, 2020

5 mins

RxJSJavaScriptAngular

Internationalization in Next.js with next-intl

Internationalization in Next.js with next-intl Internationalization (i18n) is essential for providing a multi-language experience for global applications. next-intl integrates well with Next.js’ App Router, handling i18n routing, locale detection, and dynamic configuration. This guide will walk you through setting up i18n in Next.js using next-intl for URL-based routing, user-specific settings, and domain-based locale routing. Getting Started First, create a Next.js app with the App Router and install next-intl: ` Next, configure next-intl in the next.config.ts file to provide a request-specific i18n configuration for Server Components: ` Without i18n Routing Setting up an app without i18n routing integration can be advantageous in scenarios where you want to provide a locale to next-intl based on user-specific settings or when your app supports only a single language. This approach offers the simplest way to begin using next-intl, as it requires no changes to your app’s structure, making it an ideal choice for straightforward implementations. ` Here’s a quick explanation of each file's role: * translations/: Stores different translations per language (e.g., en.json for English, es.json for Spanish). Organize this as needed, e.g., translations/en/common.json. * request.ts: Manages locale-based configuration scoped to each request. Setup request.ts for Request-Specific Configuration Since we will be using features from next-intl in Server Components, we need to add the following configuration in i18n/request.ts: ` Here, we define a static locale and use that to determine which translation file to import. The imported JSON data is stored in the message variable, and is returned together with the locale so that we can access them from various components in the application. Using Translation in RootLayout Inside RootLayout, we use getLocale() to retrieve the static locale and set the document language for SEO and pass translations to NextIntlClientProvider: ` Note that NextIntlClientProvider automatically inherits configuration from i18n/request.ts here, but messages must be explicitly passed. Now you can use translations and other functionality from next-intl in your components: ` In case of async components, you can use the awaitable getTranslations function instead: ` And with that, you have i18n configured and working on your application! \ Now, let’s take it a step further by introducing routing. \ With i18n Routing To set up i18n routing, we need a file structure that separates each language configuration and translation file. Below is the recommended structure: ` We updated the earlier structure to include some files that we require for routing: * routing.ts: Sets up locales, default language, and routing, shared between middleware and navigation. * middleware.ts: Handles URL rewrites and locale negotiation. * app/[locale]/: Creates dynamic routes for each locale like /en/about and /es/about. Define Routing Configuration in i18n/routing.ts The routing.ts file configures supported locales and the default locale, which is referenced by middleware.ts and other navigation functions: ` This configuration lets Next.js handle URL paths like /about, with locale management managed by next-intl. Update request.ts for Request-Specific Configuration We need to update the getRequestConfig function from the above implementation in i18n/request.ts. ` Here, request.ts ensures that each request loads the correct translation files based on the user’s locale or falls back to the default. Setup Middleware for Locale Matching The middleware.ts file matches the locale based on the request: ` Middleware handles locale matches and redirects to localized paths like /en or /es. Updating the RootLayout file Inside RootLayout, we use the locale from params (matched by middleware) instead of calling getLocale() ` The locale we get from the params was matched in the middleware.ts file and we use that here to set the document language for SEO purposes. Additionally, we used this file to pass configuration from i18n/request.ts to Client Components through NextIntlClientProvider. Note: When using the above setup with i18n routing, next-intl will currently opt into dynamic rendering when APIs like useTranslations are used in Server Components. next-intl provides a temporary API that can be used to enable static rendering. Static Rendering for i18n Routes For apps with dynamic routes, use generateStaticParams to pass all possible locale values, allowing Next.js to render at build time: ` next-intl provides an API setRequestLocale that can be used to distribute the locale that is received via params in layouts and pages for usage in all Server Components that are rendered as part of the request. You need to call this function in every layout/page that you intend to enable static rendering for since Next.js can render layouts and pages independently. ` Note: Call setRequestLocale before invoking useTranslations or getMessages or any next-intl functions. Domain Routing For domain-specific locale support, use the domains setting to map domains to locales, such as us.example.com/en or ca.example.com/fr. ` This setup allows you to serve localized content based on domains. Read more on domain routing here. Conclusion Setting up internationalization in Next.js with next-intl provides a modular way to handle URL-based routing, user-defined locales, and domain-specific configurations. Whether you need URL-based routing or a straightforward single-locale setup, next-intl adapts to fit diverse i18n needs. With these tools, your app will be ready to deliver a seamless multi-language experience to users worldwide....

Apr 11, 2025

4 mins

NextJSAccessibility

Let's innovate together!

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Whether it's modernization or custom software solutions, our team of experts can guide you through best practices and how to build scalable, performant software that lasts.

Going Reactive with RxJS

Handling Errors

Basic Error Handling

Composing Useful Errors

Advanced Error Handling

Usage in Frontend Development

Basic Todo App

Conclusion

Colum Ferry

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Let's innovate together!

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The HTML Dialog Element: Enhancing Accessibility and Ease of Use

Incremental Hydration in Angular

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Internationalization in Next.js with next-intl